There are different types of database but the most popular is a relational database that stores data in tables where each row in the table holds the same sort of information. In the early 1970s, Ted Codd, an IBM researcher devised 12 laws of normalization. These apply to how the data is stored and relations between different tables.
SQL is a simplistic programming language that is used in relational databases.
Oracle and SQL Server are popular commercial relational databases. MySQL is a very popular Open Source relational database.

